2023年4月, the California Air 资源 Board (CARB) adopted the Advanced Clean Fleets (ACF) rule, 针对卡车买家的规定.
The rule has sparked much conversation since it comes on the heels of a previous rule passed by CARB in 2021 called the Advanced Clean Trucks (ACT) rule, which targeted truck manufacturers with electric vehicle (EV) production requirements. 比如马萨诸塞州, 新泽西, 纽约, 俄勒冈州, 佛蒙特州和华盛顿州已经采用ACT, giving rise to speculation as to whether the same states or additional states will step in to adopt the new ACF rule.
Although ACF principally aims to reduce emissions and increase zero-emission vehicle fleets, concerns have been raised by fleet operators as to the rule’s feasibility. 争论的焦点之一在于拟议的时间表, which calls for different fleets to be zero-emission depending on the truck class. 例如, sleeper cab tractor fleets would have to be 25% zero-emission by 2033 and 50% zero-emission by 2036. Such tight timelines have raised concerns due to the technical challenges and costs associated with implementing zero-emission or EV fleets.
+, 在这个关键时刻, it’s clear that battery technology is not yet up to par with the capabilities inherent with a CNG or diesel truck. Long-haul battery electric trucks have an operating range of about 150-330 miles, 而一辆清洁柴油卡车的行驶里程约为1英里,200英里. 权重因素也必须考虑在内. 目前, battery-electric trucks use batteries that are much heavier than their diesel truck counterparts. 这是一个令人担忧的问题，因为卡车受联邦重量限制, meaning that operators will have to decrease the payload of each battery-electric truck, which will put more trucks on the road and ultimately increase traffic congestion and tailpipe emissions.
Sourcing the materials needed to produce the lithium-ion batteries that power battery-electric trucks has also been an ongoing issue from both a supply chain and an environmental perspective. Most car manufacturers are looking to gain footholds in lithium mines for EV battery materials since two-thirds of the world’s lithium is sourced there, but it can take an average of 16 years or more for a mine to be ready for production. 进一步, the process of mining lithium and cobalt is energy-intensive and has negative environmental impact, 包括土地退化和地下水污染. 由于这些担忧, 替代方法, 比如从湖泊和粘土沉积物中提取锂, 正在进行研究.
转向电动汽车还需要可靠的充电基础设施. 重要的公用事业规划, processing time and production time are needed before electric vehicle fleets are up and running.
最后, shortage concerns over lithium and cobalt will ultimately drive up the cost of EVs, which would put smaller trucking companies in a bind if the tight zero-emission timelines proposed in California’s ACF rule is adopted by more states. 许多业内人士, 尤其是那些私营中小型市场公司, view this type of regulation as yet another government agency with unelected bureaucrats injuring the industry – in its outlook, driver shortage and pipeline – and ultimately the sector’s ability to ship goods to and for customers for a fair price.
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